Ideological discourses in Newspapers

The Sun: Racism

• The suns audience tends to be of a lower social class therefore the titles and captions are very large and are slang based to either entice/amuse the audience the reader. 'Jihadi' is used to make the audience think about the stereotype image. The term 'fiery' is used to describe no only the audience, the individuals included within the story. As the lower classes are visioned to be more rowdy and out of control (rebellious) based on the stereotype. 
• The audience of the believe most of its news and are into nationalist views stereo typically. Therefore the people being portrayed as foreign are shown badly through horrific terminology which associates continuous stereotypes. The hegemonic belief is still maintained through the negative portrayal on the front cover.  

The Guardian: Right Wing politics

• The front cover of the guardian consists of sophisticated language which matches the target audience, the lack of big bold titles helps represent a subtle yet important format. The main title for the front page suggests how the PM (right wing) is accused of various fixing/biased rulings therefore this supports the audiences ideas of a left wing audience; which publicizes the right wing in a negative format.
• The ideological discourses seem to be direct as it is stating the prime minister (who is all powerful - predominantly-) grabbing more power and reducing it for other mps or those who are associated with politics.
• The hegemonic belief is portrayed perfectly for the audience as it shows the pms dominance and influence in a negative way. As a left wing audience, negative representation of the right wing is to help and correspond to the readers beliefs.

Daily Mail: Nationalism

• The right wing mail audience predominantly believe in nationalism and improving the economy with helping others with minimal effort. The noun fury represents the reaction to the authority (Those in power within the government). Therefore the audience will agree with agree with this as the government are predominantly right wing. 
• The direct ideological discourses as complimenting the queen helps maintain a higher status representing positive messages about our culture and idols. Then the nationalist ideas present through 'fury' to allow migrants into the country maintains the highest social class (by protecting heritage- by presenting it as our country).
• The audience for this paper will predominantly believe that migrants from various foreign countries are of a lower social class stereo typically either from there birth countries or economic status therefore the hegemonic belief is still visible as the audience feel they are more important and higher on the social hierarchy than other migrants in this case the turkish citizens.

Are Newspaper sales in decline?

The plummet of print copies (newspapers) has been widely affected, as the industry has faced depreciating ad sales, the loss of most classified advertising. Over the past few years various newspaper company's have either closed or suffered bankruptcy. The main reason the revenue has plunged is due to the competition from the internet media types. As the competition can provide faster, more up to date news which is easier for various people such as everyday commuters to receive and read these online media formats. However a growth in the newspaper on the Web helps return donations from various citizens to allow the company to gain some profit to keep the papers alive. 

Even though there has been a decline in print news circulation, the rise in online technologies and accessibility has enabled newspapers to entice more readers in by presenting more media types e.g videos from the story that has been published to add more drama/effect; which potentially helps make up for the lack of print copies being distributed and invested in. Another positive is that audience can comment on various articles, which helps one another interact about one another's opinions helping outline the whole story. However, many people can disagree with one another and become offensive or create an argument over one disagreement. Also all online news/applications usually require the internet to run and refresh for the latest news, unless is has been downloaded which may be confusing or take up space upon your technological device. Often recent stories are also removed due to new more 'important' news decided by the company which may upset various members of the public. One of the most recent discoveries is that screen time on cellular devices is taking over our everyday lives which can lead to physical damage such as eye strain and headaches/migraines, therefore having the hard copy would be more natural and put more pressure on the body to help potentially wind down and relax. The largest population to read 'hard' newspapers are citizens over the age of 65. Unfortunately, due to more recent technological advancements that generation have lacked to training and bringing up around these advancements and are unable to work/use them.

Citizen journalism, participatory media and relationships with audience have changed as many people are only interested in celebrity gossip or the extremes within the world, not the tragic accidents/events that happen daily. Due to the general public analysing the news and media in so many different ways to its true presentation, has resulting in a lack of potential stories to be published. Due to recent bush fires within the USA I observed the comments and people where obviously making fun of those stuck within the tragedy and blaming the police and rescue teams for not doing enough to help those in need.

Most recent studies suggest that The Daily Mail had an overall decrease of 55% of printed papers during the start of the 21st century from the 1960's. Since then online newspapers were first published and have clearly been shown through recent years to be enjoyed and used worldwide.

Newspapers industries research

• I believe that the aggregate advertising expenditure and net circulation figures equate to about half of their 2007 due to the technological advancement and demand for the news digitally. Therefore this is killing the hard copy's of news and sales, as customers believe that reading news is easier and more straight forward for the current population. 

• The Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK) is a non profit organisation owned and developed by the media industry. ABC delivers industry-agreed standards for media brand measurement of print publications, digital channels and events. 

• Personally i believe that Sunday newspapers sell vastly as more people have free time and are usually not working therefore are in a tradition of purchasing a newspaper every Sunday. 

• The leading broadsheet is Daily telegraph (1101), the leading tabloid is the sun (3417) and the leading mid market is The daily mail (2974). All these newspapers used various pictures/headlines/content to help entice the audience leading to a vast audience...

• The daily mail is shown to be the second most popular paper, but most popular mid market! Where as, the Guardian is shown to be towards the lower ends of the scale this could be due to the niche audience that is appealing to the paper, the daily mail is a  mid market therefore is has broadsheet and tabloid aspects therefore is will have a vast audience from both community's.

• The Guardian Media group is owned by the Scott Trust, a private company whose core purpose is to ensure the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian, the papers values are to be honest, fair and bring integrity to the reader. This is therefore done by the independence of most news stories and ideas attracting a varied audience. This is shown through the investment of over £1 billion, then with most profits they reinvest into journalism to deliver the best quality news to the audience.

• Personally in terms of digital distribution I believe the most important brand identity has to be about the online websites, as many commuters and other people have technological devices such as laptops and tablets that may not be able to download the application therefore it is easier to access the internet. E.g people on work breaks are predominantly at computers or desk tops therefore it is easiest to view; as most works now ban the use of mobile phones within a certain block/building due to distraction.

• The Uk newspapers appear to be the least trusted in Europe, according to research by the European Broadcasting Union. It carried out surveys of 1000 members of the public in each of 33 European countries for its Trust in Media report. The Uk by far the least trusted 'written press' of any European country.

• The Independent Press Standards Organisations are the regulators for most of the Uk's newspapers and magazines. They hold newspapers and magazines to account for their actions, protect individual rights, uphold high standards of journalism and maintain freedom of expression for the press. They make sure that member newspapers and magazines follow the editors code.

• Print display advertising revenue for the national UK newspapers has grown for the first time in more than seven years, according to a new report on ad expenditure. Display ads in national titles saw revenue growth of 1% year on year in the first quarter of 2018, putting it at a total of £152.6m for the period. Within tabloids print display advertising grew by 3% year on year.

Newspaper Cover Stereotypes

George Gerbner

Theory:
exposure to repeated patterns of representation over long periods of time can shape and influence the way in which people perceive the world around them, leading to most stereotypes.

Screen Cast

How does media language and representation in those feeds position the audience and engage participation?
Vast images and bold titles entice the reader to watch clips or read stories, if the audience has a varied opinion on or around the subject they therefore have the freedom to comment and interact with one another.

How can audiences be reached through different media technologies and platforms?
Various individuals with prefer different media platforms and types e.g an everyday commuter may prefer receiving and looking at the news on portable devices, comparing to the older generation who typically would prefer a hard copy of the news in the form of a newspaper to either habit or not being able to work new technology.

Newspaper Language

Types of Newspapers:

1. Broad sheet - Guardian
2. Tabloid- The Sun
3. Mid Market Tabloid - The Daily Mail
4. Local Newspapers - Essex Chronicle

Subjective: Tabloid

Objective: Broadsheet

Types of News:

• Soft: Weather, Celebrity gossip or fashion.
• Hard: Attacks, death, Politics, Science, War, Education, Health or World events.

Online Newspapers Ad and Dis

Advantages of online newspapers:
> environmentally friendly
> easier to update (live updates)
> larger audience
> more modern
> easy access for some
> don't have to go out to a shop (more practical)
> free (paywalls - Daily Telegraph, The Times)
> your own personal account to choose topics - personalising it
> contact papers quickly
> comments on news stories - audience participation
> easy to share articles
> more interactive - video


Disadvantages of online newspapers:
> holding something - more liked by people
> internet needed
> can't keep the story
> less accessible for the older generations
> more information in the paper
> pop-ups
> long term eye strain
> technical errors

News analysis of front covers (HW)

The Sun, Monday 23^rd November 2015 (Tabloid)

Audience:

The Sun, a tabloid, targets an audience of a middle/working class, therefore relating to the C2DE social class categories. Predominantly this is to be aimed at the Uk citizens who are either for or against the Muslim community/religion.

Article topic/Main points:

This shocking title is publishing the supposed that 1 in 5 Muslims have sympathy for jihads. The Tabloid’s claim, in a front page headline, was based on a survey of Muslim and non-Muslim opinions commissioned in the wake of the Paris attacks. The study found that 19% of the Muslims expresses at least ‘some sympathy’ with young Muslims who has left the Uk to join fighters in Syria. The front page story was linked to a column piece by former Sun editor Kelvin Mackenzie.

Key Headings:

‘1 in 5 Brit Muslims’ sympathy for jihads’ was the vast title dominating the Suns front cover on Monday the 23^rd of November 2015. This was presented in this way to grip the audience into thinking that most Muslims have a negative effect upon the Uk. The use of ambiguous wording was a very sensitive topic for those reading. A smaller subtitle was also present, ‘Wake-up call’ after PARIS BLITZ, this was added to the main article to add a dramatic event on top of recent events pre this article.

Images used:

The small image inserted into the bottom right of the front page is a man dressed within a black head scarf hiding his identity, within his possession is a vast blade. This is what predominantly the audience reading this tabloid will believe Jihads visage is. Therefore, it instantly creates a negative image upon the story before even reading the text or the title. The knife was extremely important as it creates an impression that all Muslims want to harm the community.

Messages:

Predominantly, through this article a negative message is being spread of Muslims within Europe and the Uk. Therefore, the publisher wanting the community to be aware of the danger that they are causing, however this is not the case present in reality.

The Guardian, Thursday 31st of July 2014 (Broadsheet)

Audience:
The Guardian target an educated, middle, left learning, 18+ audience.



Article topic/Main points: 
The world stands disgraced over the innocent sleeping children that have been killed in Israel. At least 15 killed in shelling of Gaza school shelter; whilst the death toll was over 1300 after three weeks of fighting.

Key Headings:
'The World stands disgraced'. This key, bold title instantly grips the audience! As the reader will usually think what has happened forcing them to read on a and discover the tragedy. This might get people thinking of how the wars are just killing however the result of them usually lead to peace worldwide or via certain nations.

Images Used:
A vast image of a crying child covered in cuts, debris and blood is centre of the Guardians front page emphasising to the the audience and the world, within these corrupt countries how innocent children are suffering and not living a normal life.

The Daily Mail, Thursday 18th of August 2016 (Mid Market Tabloid)

Audience: 

The audience for the daily mail a Mid market tabloid is known to be adults from the age of 35+. In 2004 53% of readers voted for the conservative party, whilst 27% voted for labour party and 17% for the liberal democrats. Therefore the audience is reasonably spread predominantly towards the tory community. 

Article Topic/Main ideas:

A murderer electrocuted her ex lover with a 500,000 volt taser and left her paralysed! Shortly after stabbing her 40 times just due to jealousy! She was given a 30 year sentence, her actions were described as 'slaughtering like an animal' and 'an act of pure evil'. All she wanted to do was to win back her previous lover however another women stood in the way and she destroyed an innocent life...

Key Headings:

A vast title floods the page reading 'A CRIME OF PURE EVIL' which instantly grabs the audience attention as it helps the imagination of pure veil roam and try to guess what happend within the tragedy. Evil is a very strong word and helps emphasise terms such as wicked and harmful actions.

Images Used:
Three vast images are used to show various facial expressions e.g the man shows emotions of destruction and sadness through his head in his hands, where as the other pictures show to happy women, however this juxtaposes the news story as the woman on the left (murder) is now sentenced for a 30 year sentence therefore here facial expression will most predominantly not show happiness. On the other hand, the other women shown to be happy is now not present in this world therefore again happiness does not follow the actions she has had to face innocently.

Newspaper Terminology

Tabloid vs Broadsheet Comparison

Questions	The Guardian	The Daily Mirror
Who was involved?	A couple and 2 children	A couple and 2 children
What happened?	Child dead and other critically injured	Child dead and other critically injured.
Where did it happen?	Three-story property in Hackney, North London	Three-story property in Hackney, North London
When did it happen?	Early hours on the 19.03.2017	19.03.2017 in early hours.
How did it happen?	Man arrested after toddler dies in a hammer attack	Man arrested after toddler dies in a hammer attack.
Why did it happen?
What do you notice about the difference in content and how the articles convey this information? Why do you think that is?	More informative and longer text, fewer images. E.g search locations. More witness and profession quotations.	Less information given, Witness quotes provided. Article are more emotional and less informative.

News Values

CUPPTUNE

C : CONTINUITY stories that are already in the news,continue to run are updated
U : UNEXPECTEDNESS an event that is a shock or out of the ordinary
P : PERSONALISATION  stories that include human interest
P : PROXIMITY  stories that are closer to home
T : THRESHOLD the bigger the impact and reach of the story
U : UNAMBIGUOUS stories that are easy to understand
N : NEGATIVITY  bad news is more interesting
E : ELITE PERSONS  stories about important people and powerful nations

News table

	The Sun	The Daily Mail	The Daily Telegraph (£2.00)
Owned by	It is published by the News Group Newspapers division of News UK, itself a wholly owned subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's News Corp.	Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT) own this newspaper	David and Frederick Barclay.
Audience	·         The sun targets mainly adults over the age of 15. ·         Mainly located in Great Britain with some in Scotland ·         More women than men read the sun ·         Few people in London read the Sun.	Readership of the Daily Mail among individuals from the ABC1 social class is higher than among the C2DE social class – 18.3 million and 10.1 million readers respectively. People of age 65+ are more likely to read this newspaper as young people tend to favour The Daily Star and The Sun.	52% of the Uk population, 23.1 million people. 55% of whom are 15-44. The daily telegraph targets a well-educated audience, predominantly male.
Online	The sun broadcasts their news online with free access to everyone who goes on the website.		News is published online, with various access passes, the standard daily pass is £2.00, ranging for the premium yearly subscription of £300!
Circulation	In March 2018 The Suns circulation was 1,481,876		458487 (November 2017)
Political alignment	Conservative		Right, (Conservative)

Tabloid and Broadsheet

Characteristics of a Tabloid:

• Colorful
• Heavily picture based 
• Vast Headings
• Biased
• Gossip of celebrity's
• Very little text
• Less formal
• Less informative
• Comical

Characteristics of a Broadsheet:

• Lots of text and information
• Minimal pictures
• Usually one large title
• Other small subtitles
• Predominantly, plain (black and white colour scheme)
• Vast structure
• Superior connotations
• Authority 
• Heritage

Newspaper Formats 6/11/18

Representation of a Music Video

What/who is being presented?
Urban parts of London are presented to be flooded with crime. Many Actors are representing a stereotypical view of teenagers and there actions via an 'Urban Safari' this emphasises that London's behavior is animal like and potentially being dangerous and uncomfortable to be around. 'CHAV' is the term used to aim predominantly at people who are living rough and involved in gang activity.(Creating a negative visage on London's urban areas).

How is it being presented?
The term 'Concrete Jungle' is used to describe the physical appearance of London suggesting the lack of freedom, it also juxtaposes one another, as 'concrete' connotes to a man made material foreshadowing no escape whereas a jungle is a very natural environment with no man made interaction.

How is the representation made to seem 'true', 'commonsense' or 'natural'?
It is represented as true; due to actual footage being used from the London riots, these problems are occurring within the corrupt areas within London. As stated within the music video the 'CHAVs' are not being helped economically with various job opportunity's which the government are being blamed for from various citizens within London.

What is the foreground and what is the background? Are there any notable absences?
The foreground is Plan B and various actors (gang members). This helps connect the idea of the 'concrete jungle' as a corrupt place (Background) and how it is filled with various individuals causing sin and pain to the community. E.g the riots.

Whose representation is it? Whose interests does it reflect? How do you know?
The music video is a representation of South London for the rest of the UK. It reflects Plan B's interests as he created the video as he appeals to a vast audience therefore the government to realize the 'Poor' peoples point off view (Due to there shortage within the social hierarchy). I realized this from the lyrics used within the video are very strong and powerful presenting his view and most importantly reality.

What have you learnt about the overall direction of the films representation?
Firstly, various camera shots, Angles and movements are used to emphasise the chaos in the streets in the South of London. Predominately eye level shots are present to help associate the audience with the authors message and reality. In addition, birds eye view shots are included to show the disturbing cinematic of the London's riots; again to try and reinforce the fact this is reality not a fantasy... Props such as flares, knives and balaclavas are all included to show the corruption. E.g a red flare was used to specifically represent danger that is to come within the streets of South London.


What way do you believe you have received the meaning of the film: through preferred, negotiated or oppositional reading? (Hall's theory).
I believe I have clearly understood the main message from Plan B's music video through a preferred reading, as the various graphic imagery and vocabulary used to is to crisp not to understand the corruption with London. The main evidence for this is the real videos used from the London's riots.

Stereotypes

Stereotype: 

• media industries use stereotypes because the audience usually understand the character instantly. (Visual shortcut). Therefore it is often repeated and over used, usually creating a bad image on a certain group.

Archetypes:

• 'Ultimate' stereotype, (Blonde bimbo, who has no knowledge).

Counter type:

• representation that challenges tradition stereotypical associations. 

Stuart Hall Theory

Stuart Hall: 

Was looking into mass media and the power of how media can represent DRCAGES

the opposition negotiated and preferred readings example

‘drink this drink for a week and you’ll lose 5 stone’

Opposition: I defo won't, definitely don’t believe 

Negotiated: I might kinda believe 

Preferred reading: I will definitely believe 

• Media use stereotypes a lot 
• Stereotypes reduce a group of people to some minor characteristics
• Ethnic minorities are usually portrayed In a negative way
• Dominant hegemonic groups (white, rich, male etc)  make these stereotypes and portray ethnic minorities as violent and mean